Sources
Sources
Every fact on this site is checked against at least one of these, and most against two or more. Where reputable sources disagree, the page gives the range and says whose figure is whose.
There are 831 sources: 204 records from the time, 497 histories from museums, archives and agencies, 117 articles and 13 books. They are listed here page by page. Each page also lists its own at the foot, numbered to match the small figures in the text.
The story
Home67
Records from the time
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Dangers of Accidental Detonations.
- atomicarchive.com, Memo for General Carl Spaatz, 25 July 1945.
- US National Park Service, 1985, National Register nomination 85003268: Tinian Landing Beaches, Ushi Point Field and North Field.
- Jackson-Retondo and Johnson, US National Park Service, for the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, Tinian Landing Beaches, Ushi Point Field, and North Field National Historic Landmark: Section 213 Report.
Museums, archives and agencies
- Air Force Historical Research Agency, 509 Operations Group.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, 509th Composite Group.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1945.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Chicago Pile-1.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing Timeline.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Hiroshima and Nagasaki Missions: Planes & Crews.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Leslie R. Groves.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Little Boy and Fat Man.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Project Alberta.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Project Silverplate.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Tinian Island.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Trinity Test.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, USS Indianapolis.
- City of Hiroshima, How many people died as a result of the atomic bombing?.
- Hiroshima and Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Halls for the Atomic Bomb Victims, Differences between the atomic bombs.
- Japan Tourism Agency, Peace Memorial Park.
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Why wasn't Little Boy tested?.
- Marianas Visitors Authority, Tinian.
- Nagasaki City, Damage caused by the atomic bombing.
- Nagasaki Prefecture, Discover Nagasaki, Peace and history itinerary.
- National Museum of the United States Air Force, Bockscar: The Aircraft.
- National Museum of the United States Air Force, Development of the Boeing B-29.
- National Museum of the United States Air Force, Fat Man Atomic Bomb.
- Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Frequently Asked Questions.
- Jeremy Kinney, Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, 5 August 2020, 75 Years Ago: The Flight of the Enola Gay.
- Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Boeing B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay.
- Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.
- The National WWII Museum, Delivering the Atomic Bombs: The Silverplate B-29.
- UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Hiroshima Peace Memorial (Genbaku Dome).
- US Army, White Sands Missile Range, Trinity Site Open House.
- US Army, Trinity Site 80th Anniversary Commemoration: The Test.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, CP-1 Goes Critical.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Debate Over How to Use the Bomb.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Establishing Los Alamos.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Implosion Becomes a Necessity.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Japan Surrenders.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Potsdam and the Final Decision to Bomb.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, The Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, The Trinity Test.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Tinian Island.
- US Geological Survey, Geographic Names Information System, through The National Map.
- US National Park Service, American Memorial Park, Battle of Tinian.
- US National Park Service, Manhattan Project National Historical Park, Enriching Uranium.
- US National Park Service, Manhattan Project National Historical Park, Park Management.
- US National Park Service, Manhattan Project National Historical Park.
- US National Park Service, Manhattan Project Science at Hanford.
- US National Park Service, Manhattan Project Science at Los Alamos.
- US National Park Service, The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
- US National Park Service, The Gadget.
- US National Park Service, Tinian Island during the Manhattan Project.
- US National Park Service, Wendover Air Base, Utah.
- US Naval History and Heritage Command, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Indianapolis II (CA-35).
- US Naval History and Heritage Command, H-Gram 052-1: The U.S. Navy and the Atomic Bomb.
- US Naval History and Heritage Command, Loss of USS Indianapolis (CA-35).
Articles
- Air and Space Forces Magazine, Near Failure at Nagasaki.
- Air Force Association, The Smithsonian and the Enola Gay: The Airplane.
- Mari Yamaguchi, Associated Press, via Anchorage Daily News, A forgotten chapter: the stories of Allied POWs in Nagasaki during the atomic bombing.
- Hiroshima Peace Media Center, Chugoku Shimbun, Striving to fill voids in Hiroshima, Part 6: Korean victims.
- Joe Baugher, Joe Baugher's American Military Aircraft serial lists, compiled from the Air Force record cards (Internet Archive copy, 22 January 2023), 1944 USAAF Serial Numbers (44-001 to 44-30910).
- nippon.com, The Japanese Historian Honoring Hiroshima's American Dead.
- Pacific Wrecks, B-29-35-MO "Bockscar" Serial Number 44-27297.
- The Aviationist, Operation Silverplate.
The bomb79
Records from the time
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Dangers of Accidental Detonations.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Groves and Conant letter to Oppenheimer, 25 February 1943.
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, reproduced by the US Department of Energy, History of Project A (Norman Ramsey, 1945), in Los Alamos Science, 1983.
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, via the US Department of Energy, Yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki Nuclear Explosions (LA-8819), 1985.
- Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, reproduced by atomicarchive.com, Los Alamos: Beginning of an Era.
- US Atomic Energy Commission, 1946, reproduced by atomicarchive.com, The First Pile.
- US National Archives, via DocsTeach, Memorandum from Groves to the Chief of Staff about another atomic bomb, 10 August 1945 (NAID 6874336).
- US National Archives, via DocsTeach, Numbering Little Boy, unit L-11 (photograph, NAID 519395).
Museums, archives and agencies
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Ranger in Your Pocket, The Control Room.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Britain's Early Input, 1940 to 1941.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Chicago Pile-1.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Einstein-Szilard Letter.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Hanford, WA.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Little Boy and Fat Man.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Manhattan, NY.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Norman Ramsey.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Oak Ridge, TN.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Project Alberta.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Trinity Test.
- atomicarchive.com, from F. G. Gosling's Department of Energy history, Manhattan Project chronology.
- George C. Marshall Foundation, Gen. Marshall and Gen. Groves, August 1945.
- Hiroshima and Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Halls for the Atomic Bomb Victims, Differences between the atomic bombs.
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Actinide Research Quarterly, Shining light on a dark element.
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, A Tale of Two Bomb Designs.
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Atomic number 94.
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Revising Trinity.
- National Museum of the United States Air Force, Fat Man Atomic Bomb.
- University of Chicago News, The race for the first nuclear chain reaction.
- US Army, White Sands Missile Range, Trinity Site History.
- US Army, Trinity Site 80th Anniversary Commemoration: Jumbo.
- US Army, Trinity Site 80th Anniversary Commemoration: The Bunkers.
- US Army, Trinity Site 80th Anniversary Commemoration: The Test.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Legacy Management, The Manhattan Project.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, A Tentative Decision to Build the Bomb.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Assembling Fat Man.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Chicago Pile-1.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, CP-1 Goes Critical.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, DuPont.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Early Uranium Research.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Einstein's Letter, 1939.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Establishing Los Alamos.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Final Approval to Build the Bomb.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Final Bomb Design.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Groves and the Manhattan Engineer District.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Hanford Becomes Operational.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Hanford Engineer Works.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Hanford: Selection.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Implosion Becomes a Necessity.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, K-25 Gaseous Diffusion Plant.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Oak Ridge: Acquisition.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Oak Ridge: Selection.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, The Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, The MAUD Report, 1941.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, The Selection of Los Alamos.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, The Trinity Test.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Tinian Island.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Y-12: The Silver Program.
- US Department of Energy, The B Reactor National Historic Landmark (fact sheet).
- US Department of Justice, Radiation Exposure Compensation Program.
- US National Cancer Institute, Trinity nuclear test: community summary.
- US National Park Service, Manhattan Project National Historical Park, About Hanford.
- US National Park Service, Manhattan Project National Historical Park, About Oak Ridge.
- US National Park Service, Manhattan Project National Historical Park, Enriching Uranium.
- US National Park Service, Manhattan Project National Historical Park, Learn About the Park.
- US National Park Service, Manhattan Project National Historical Park, Secret Cities.
- US National Park Service, Manhattan Project National Historical Park, Tribal Nations.
- US National Park Service, B Reactor.
- US National Park Service, Displacement at Hanford.
- US National Park Service, Hispanic Homesteaders and the Los Alamos National Laboratory.
- US National Park Service, K-25 Gaseous Diffusion Plant.
- US National Park Service, Manhattan Project National Historical Park.
- US National Park Service, Manhattan Project Science at Los Alamos.
- US National Park Service, The Calutron Girls.
- US National Park Service, The Gadget.
- US National Park Service, Tinian Island during the Manhattan Project.
- US National Park Service, Trinity Site, NM.
- US National Park Service, Trinity Test Downwinders.
- US Naval History and Heritage Command, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Indianapolis II (CA-35).
The plane46
Records from the time
- Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, reproduced by the Air Force Association, Enola Gay Chronology.
Museums, archives and agencies
- Air Force Historical Research Agency, 509 Operations Group.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, 509th Composite Group.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Cuba.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Curtis LeMay.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Hiroshima and Nagasaki Missions: Planes & Crews.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Paul Tibbets.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Project Silverplate.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Wendover, UT.
- Boeing, Historical Snapshot: B-29 Superfortress.
- National Museum of the United States Air Force, Bockscar: The Aircraft.
- National Museum of the United States Air Force, Bockscar: The Mission.
- National Museum of the United States Air Force, Boeing B-29 Superfortress.
- National Museum of the United States Air Force, Development of the Boeing B-29.
- Nebraska Studies, Nebraska Public Media with the Nebraska State Historical Society, The Enola Gay.
- Jennifer Wright, Smithsonian Institution Archives, 25 June 2020, Exhibiting the Enola Gay.
- Jeremy Kinney, Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, 5 August 2020, 75 Years Ago: The Flight of the Enola Gay.
- Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, press release, 18 August 2003, National Air and Space Museum completes restoration of the Enola Gay.
- Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Boeing B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay.
- Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Engine, Wright Cyclone R-3350-23, cutaway.
- Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, The Flight of the Enola Gay.
- Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Wood flooring block, Building D, Martin aircraft factory, Omaha, Nebraska.
- The National WWII Museum, Delivering the Atomic Bombs: The Silverplate B-29.
- The National WWII Museum, Hellfire on Earth: Operation MEETINGHOUSE.
- US Air Force, 75th Air Base Wing Public Affairs, Hill Aerospace Museum's B-29 Superfortress gets historical makeover.
- US Air Force, Department of the Air Force Historical Support Division, 393 Bomb Squadron.
- US Air Force, official biography, Brigadier General Paul W. Tibbets Jr..
- US Air Force, Whiteman Air Force Base, 75th Anniversary of the Atomic Bombing Missions.
- US Department of Defense, DVIDS (Whiteman Air Force Base), 2018, Preserving history: Great Artiste refurbished.
- US National Park Service, Tinian Island during the Manhattan Project.
- US National Park Service, Wendover Air Base, Utah.
- US National Park Service, Wendover Air Force Base.
Articles
- Herman S. Wolk, Air and Space Forces Magazine, April 2004, The Twentieth Against Japan.
- Walter J. Boyne, Air and Space Forces Magazine, February 2012, The B-29's Battle of Kansas.
- Air and Space Forces Magazine, Near Failure at Nagasaki.
- Air Force Association, The Smithsonian and the Enola Gay: The Airplane.
- John T. Correll, Air Force Magazine, March 2009, The Matterhorn Missions.
- John T. Correll, Air Force Magazine, September 1995, The Activists and the Enola Gay.
- HistoryLink.org, the free online encyclopedia of Washington State history, Allen, Edmund T. (1896 to 1943).
- HistoryLink.org, Boeing B-29 Superfortress crashes into the Frye meat packing plant, 18 February 1943.
- Joe Baugher, Joe Baugher's American Military Aircraft serial lists, compiled from the Air Force record cards (Internet Archive copy, 22 January 2023), 1944 USAAF Serial Numbers (44-001 to 44-30910).
- Joe Baugher, Joe Baugher's American Military Aircraft serial lists, compiled from the Air Force record cards (Internet Archive copy, 22 January 2023), 1944 USAAF Serial Numbers (44-83886 to 44-92098).
- Pacific Wrecks, B-29-35-MO "Bockscar" Serial Number 44-27297.
- Pacific Wrecks, B-29-40-MO "Big Stink / Dave's Dream" Serial Number 44-27354.
- Pacific Wrecks, B-29-40-MO "The Great Artiste" Serial Number 44-27353.
- Paul Hoversten, Smithsonian Air & Space magazine, Why did the Enola Gay's tail markings change?.
Tinian24
Records from the time
- David Hawkins, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, written 1946 to 1947; via the US Department of Energy, OSTI, Manhattan District History, Project Y, the Los Alamos Project, Vol. I (LAMS-2532), chapter XIX, Project Alberta.
- US Census Bureau, 2020 Census, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, table 1.
- Major Carl W. Hoffman, US Marine Corps Historical Division, 1951, reproduced by HyperWar, The Seizure of Tinian.
- US National Archives, Photographs of Atomic Bomb Preparations at Tinian Island (series 77-BT, NAID 519392).
- US National Park Service, 1985, National Register nomination 85003268: Tinian Landing Beaches, Ushi Point Field and North Field.
- Jackson-Retondo and Johnson, US National Park Service, for the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, Tinian Landing Beaches, Ushi Point Field, and North Field National Historic Landmark: Section 213 Report.
- US National Park Service, Photographs filed with National Register nomination 85003268 (E. Thompson, April 1983).
- US Navy Bureau of Yards and Docks, 1947, reproduced by HyperWar, Building the Navy's Bases in World War II, volume II, chapter XXVIII.
- US Navy, June 2026, CNMI Joint Military Training Final Environmental Impact Statement, chapter 3, land use.
- US Navy, June 2026, CNMI Joint Military Training Final Environmental Impact Statement, chapter 3, transportation.
Museums, archives and agencies
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, 509th Composite Group.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Project Alberta.
- Marianas Visitors Authority, Tinian.
- Pacific Coastal Research and Planning for the Northern Marianas Humanities Council, with the CNMI Historic Preservation Office, 2023, Tinian's World War II heritage (story map).
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Assembling Fat Man.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Tinian Island.
- Richard Harwood, US Marine Corps, World War II commemorative series, reproduced by NPS History, A Close Encounter: The Marine Landing on Tinian.
- US National Park Service, American Memorial Park, Battle of Tinian.
- US National Park Service, Tinian Island during the Manhattan Project.
- US National Park Service, Tinian Landing Beaches, Ushi Point, and North Fields, Tinian Island.
Articles
- Air and Space Forces Magazine, Near Failure at Nagasaki.
- Brad Lendon, CNN, 2020, Hiroshima after 75 years: Walking the path of the atomic bomb.
- Francis X. Hezel, Micronesian Seminar, 1988, From Conquest to Colonization: Spain in the Marianas, 1690 to 1740.
- Boyd Dixon and others, Pacific Asia Inquiry, volume 12, University of Guam, Archaeological Survey of WWII Remains at Laderan Kastiyu, Tinian.
Choosing the targets31
Records from the time
- National Security Archive, from National Archives RG 77, Brigadier General Lauris Norstad to the Commanding General, XXI Bomber Command, 29 May 1945 (Briefing Book 716, document 16).
- National Security Archive, from National Archives RG 77, Handy to Marshall, WAR 37683, 24 July 1945 (Briefing Book 716, document 60C).
- National Security Archive, from National Archives RG 77, Marshall to Handy, VICTORY 213, 22 July 1945 (Briefing Book 716, document 60A).
- National Security Archive, from National Archives RG 77, Marshall to Handy, VICTORY 281, 25 July 1945 (Briefing Book 716, document 60D).
- National Security Archive, from National Archives RG 77, Memorandum for General Arnold, Groves Project, 24 July 1945 (Briefing Book 716, document 60B).
- National Security Archive, from National Archives RG 77, Minutes of the Military Policy Committee, 5 May 1943 (Briefing Book 716, document 3).
- National Security Archive, from National Archives RG 77, Minutes of the third Target Committee meeting, Washington, 28 May 1945 (Briefing Book 716, document 15).
- National Security Archive, from National Archives RG 77, Notes on the initial meeting of the Target Committee, 27 April 1945, dated 2 May 1945 (Briefing Book 716, document 9).
- National Security Archive, from National Archives RG 77, Summary of Target Committee meetings, 10 and 11 May 1945 (Derry and Ramsey to Groves, 12 May 1945; Briefing Book 716, document 11).
- National Security Archive, from the Library of Congress copy of the Yale original, Henry L. Stimson diary, 16 to 25 July 1945.
- The White House (archived), Remarks by President Obama and Prime Minister Abe of Japan at Hiroshima Peace Memorial, 27 May 2016.
- US Department of State, Office of the Historian, Harrison to Stimson, WAR 35987, 21 July 1945 (FRUS, Conference of Berlin, vol. II, document 1307).
- US Department of State, Office of the Historian, Harrison to Stimson, WAR 36791, 23 July 1945 (FRUS, Conference of Berlin, vol. II, document 1311).
- US Department of State, Office of the Historian, Stimson to Harrison, VICTORY 189, 21 July 1945 (FRUS, Conference of Berlin, vol. II, document 1308).
- US Department of State, Office of the Historian, Stimson to Harrison, VICTORY 218, 23 July 1945 (FRUS, Conference of Berlin, vol. II, document 1310).
- US National Archives, catalogue 542193, General Thomas Handy to General Carl Spaatz, 25 July 1945 (photograph of the order, 342-AF-70226).
Museums, archives and agencies
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1945.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Stimson on the Bomb (Harper's Magazine, 1947).
- City of Nagasaki, Before A-bombings (Kids Heiwa Nagasaki).
- Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation, Aioi Bridge (Peace Memorial Park tour).
- Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, Aioi Bridge.
- William Burr (ed.), National Security Archive, The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II (Briefing Book 716).
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, The Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki.
Articles
- Air and Space Forces Magazine, Near Failure at Nagasaki.
- nippon.com, 20 May 2016, The Japanese historian honoring Hiroshima's American dead.
- PBS NewsHour, 27 May 2016, How a Hiroshima survivor helped remember 12 US POWs killed by the bomb.
- Alex Wellerstein, Restricted Data, the Nuclear Secrecy Blog, 4 October 2013, Would the atomic bomb have been used against Germany?.
- Alex Wellerstein, Restricted Data, the Nuclear Secrecy Blog, 8 August 2014, The Kyoto misconception.
- Alex Wellerstein, Restricted Data, the Nuclear Secrecy Blog, 9 October 2015, Neglected Niigata.
Books
- Wesley Frank Craven and James Lea Cate, US Air Force official history, reproduced by HyperWar, The Army Air Forces in World War II, volume V, chapter 23.
The missions23
Records from the time
- Atomic Heritage Foundation (navigator Theodore Van Kirk's log), Hiroshima Log of the Enola Gay.
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, reproduced by the US Department of Energy, Parsons' flight log of 6 August 1945, in The Oppenheimer Years, Los Alamos Science, 1983.
- US Air Force Declassification Office, read in the Internet Archive's copy, Twentieth Air Force and 313th Wing messages of 5 and 6 August 1945 (AFD-100617-099).
- Frederick L. Ashworth, US Naval Institute Proceedings, January 1958, Dropping the Atomic Bomb on Nagasaki.
Museums, archives and agencies
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing Timeline.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Hiroshima and Nagasaki Missions: Planes & Crews.
- City of Hiroshima, 原爆被害の概要 (Overview of the atomic bomb damage).
- Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, Address search.
- Hiroshima City University, Hiroshima Peace Institute digital archive, Hiroshima hypocentre coordinates (1969 reassessment).
- Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, The morning of 6 August (virtual museum).
- Nagasaki City, At 11:02 a.m. August 9, 1945.
- Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, The Flight of the Enola Gay.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, The Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki.
- US Geological Survey, Geographic Names Information System, through The National Map.
- US National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, GEOnet Names Server.
- US National Park Service, The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
- White Sands Missile Range Museum, Special Mission 16: Fat Man and the atomic bombing of Nagasaki.
Articles
- Air and Space Forces Magazine, September 2006, Truman Reports: It is an Atomic Bomb.
- Air and Space Forces Magazine, Near Failure at Nagasaki.
- Ellen Bradbury and Sandra Blakeslee, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 4 August 2015, The harrowing story of the Nagasaki bombing mission.
Books
- Wesley Frank Craven and James Lea Cate, US Air Force official history, reproduced by HyperWar, The Army Air Forces in World War II, volume V, chapter 23.
- Vincent C. Jones, US Army Center of Military History, 1985, Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb (Ashworth's flight log of 9 August 1945, pp. 540 to 541).
The crews72
Records from the time
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Jacob Beser's Lecture (Voices of the Manhattan Project).
- Paul W. Tibbets Jr., as told to Wesley Price, The Saturday Evening Post, 8 June 1946, How to Drop an Atom Bomb.
- US National Archives, identifier 204972604, L to R, standing: Lt. Colonel John Porter, Ground Maintenance Officer on B-29 Enola Gay ... (photograph, US Air Force 59475AC).
- Veterans Legacy Memorial, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Frederick Lincoln Ashworth.
- Veterans Legacy Memorial, US Department of Veterans Affairs, James F. Van Pelt Jr..
- Veterans Legacy Memorial, US Department of Veterans Affairs, John D. Kuharek.
- Veterans Legacy Memorial, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Kermit K. Beahan.
Museums, archives and agencies
- Air Force Historical Research Agency, 509 Operations Group.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, 509th Composite Group.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Abe Spitzer.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Albert T. Dehart.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Bernard Waldman.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Charles D. Albury.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Edward K. Buckley.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Frederick Ashworth.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Frederick J. Olivi.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, George "Bob" Caron.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Hiroshima and Nagasaki Missions: Planes & Crews.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Jacob Beser.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, James Van Pelt.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, John D. Kuharek.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Joseph S. Stiborik.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Lawrence H. Johnston.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Morris R. Jeppson.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Paul Tibbets.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Philip M. Barnes.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Raymond G. Gallagher.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Richard "Dick" H. Nelson.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Robert H. Shumard.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Robert Lewis.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, William "Deak" Parsons.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, William L. Laurence.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, William Penney.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Wyatt E. Duzenbury.
- Congressional Record, volume 154, part 16, 26 September 2008, Tribute to Lieutenant Jacob Beser.
- Ellsworth Air Force Base, 5 October 2011, Atomic veterans visit Ellsworth.
- Imperial War Museums, Leonard Cheshire VC (catalogue record).
- Leonard Cheshire, Our history.
- Virginia Grant, Los Alamos National Laboratory, National Security Science, 13 December 2021, Lawrence Johnston.
- Jake Bartman, Los Alamos National Laboratory, National Security Science, 29 April 2026, Harold Agnew.
- National Museum of the United States Air Force, Bockscar: The Aircraft.
- National Museum of the United States Air Force, Bockscar: The Mission.
- Orlando Memory, Orange County Library System, C. Don Albury.
- Nina Hadaway, Royal Air Force Museum, 9 August 2025, Cheshire and the Bomb.
- Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum Archives, George Caron Family Photographs (NASM.2008.0037).
- Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Boeing B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay.
- Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Remembering Theodore "Dutch" Van Kirk, 1921 to 2014.
- The Nobel Prize, Luis W. Alvarez, biographical.
- The Pulitzer Prizes, William Leonard Laurence of The New York Times.
- US Air Force biography, Major General Charles W. Sweeney.
- US Air Force, 21 July 2004, Air Force bids farewell to World War II hero.
- US Air Force, 31 July 2014, Theodore Van Kirk, Enola Gay navigator, passes away.
- US Air Force, official biography, Brigadier General Paul W. Tibbets Jr..
- US Air Force, 509 Bomb Wing (ACC) fact sheet.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, The Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki.
- US National Park Service, Tinian Island during the Manhattan Project.
- US National Park Service, Wendover Air Base, Utah.
- US National Park Service, Wendover Air Force Base.
- Virtual International Authority File (OCLC), Ferebee, Thomas, 1918-2000 (authority record).
- Whiteman Air Force Base, 16 October 2015, Remembering our American heroes.
Articles
- Air and Space Forces Magazine, Near Failure at Nagasaki.
- John T. Correll, Air Force Magazine, October 2010, The Atomic Mission.
- Associated Press, in the Deseret News, 8 April 2010, Morris Jeppson, airman who flew on the Enola Gay, dies at 87.
- Associated Press, in the Tampa Bay Times, 17 March 2000, Man who bombed Hiroshima dies.
- Associated Press, on NBC News, 2004, Co-pilot of Nagasaki bomber dies.
- Mail & Guardian, 13 April 2004, Obituary: Fred Olivi (from the Guardian).
- McClatchy, in the Philadelphia Inquirer, 5 June 2009, Charles D. Albury, bombed Nagasaki, 88.
- NPR, 1 November 2007, Enola Gay Pilot Paul Tibbets, 92, Dies.
- Pioneer Tribune, Manistique, Michigan, 17 November 2021, Remembering our veterans: Philip Barnes.
- UPI, 10 March 1989, Atomic bombardier dies.
- UPI, 19 June 1983, Enola Gay co-pilot dies.
Books
- Wesley Frank Craven and James Lea Cate, US Air Force official history, reproduced by HyperWar, The Army Air Forces in World War II, volume V, chapter 23.
Project Alberta41
Records from the time
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Voices of the Manhattan Project, Raemer Schreiber's Interview (1965).
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Voices of the Manhattan Project, Raemer Schreiber's Interview (1993).
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Dangers of Accidental Detonations.
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, reproduced by the US Department of Energy, History of Project A (Norman Ramsey, 1945), in Los Alamos Science, 1983.
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, reproduced by the US Department of Energy, Parsons' flight log of 6 August 1945, in The Oppenheimer Years, Los Alamos Science, 1983.
- David Hawkins, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, written 1946 to 1947; via the US Department of Energy, OSTI, Manhattan District History, Project Y, the Los Alamos Project, Vol. I (LAMS-2532), chapter XIX, Project Alberta.
- Edith C. Truslow and Ralph Carlisle Smith, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; via the US Department of Energy, OSTI, Manhattan District History, Project Y, the Los Alamos Project, Vol. II, Beyond Trinity (LAMS-2532).
- US National Archives, Dr. N. Ramsey signing his name to Fat Man unit prior to polar cap being placed on (photograph, 77-BT-177, NAID 76048746).
- US National Archives, Photographs of Atomic Bomb Preparations at Tinian Island (series 77-BT, NAID 519392).
- Veterans Legacy Memorial, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Frederick Lincoln Ashworth.
Museums, archives and agencies
- Harlow W. Russ, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library, Project Alberta: the preparation of atomic bombs for use in World War II (catalogue record).
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Barney J. O'Keefe.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Bernard Waldman.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Checklist for Loading Charge in Little Boy Aboard Enola Gay.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Edward B. Doll.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Frederick Ashworth.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Harlow Russ.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Harold Agnew.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Hiroshima and Nagasaki Missions: Planes & Crews.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, James F. Nolan.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Luis Alvarez.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Norman Ramsey.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Philip Morrison.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Project Alberta.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Raemer E. Schreiber.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Robert Serber.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Roger S. Warner, Jr..
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Sheldon Dike.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, William "Deak" Parsons.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, William Penney.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, William R. Purnell.
- George C. Marshall Foundation, Gen. Marshall and Gen. Groves, August 1945.
- Virginia Grant, Los Alamos National Laboratory, National Security Science, 13 December 2021, Lawrence Johnston.
- Thomas J. Ahrens, National Academy of Sciences, 1998, Albert Francis Birch, 1903 to 1992: a biographical memoir.
- National Museum of Nuclear Science and History, transcribed by the Historical Marker Database, Fat Man core and Fat Man assemblies leave Kirtland (Heritage Park marker).
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Tinian Island.
- US National Park Service, Tinian Island during the Manhattan Project.
- US Naval History and Heritage Command, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Indianapolis II (CA-35).
Articles
- John T. Correll, Air Force Magazine, October 2010, The Atomic Mission.
- Ellen Bradbury and Sandra Blakeslee, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 4 August 2015, The harrowing story of the Nagasaki bombing mission.
- Deseret News, 23 July 1989, Nuclear scientist Bernard O'Keefe dies.
The cost55
Records from the time
- City of Hiroshima, Register of the A-bomb dead (in Japanese).
- Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Number of survivors holding a health certificate, and average age (in Japanese).
- Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Survivor numbers by year (in Japanese).
- Manhattan Engineer District, via atomicarchive.com, The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1946), Total Casualties.
- Nagasaki City, Register of the A-bomb dead (in Japanese).
- National Diet Library of Japan, Birth of the Constitution of Japan, Potsdam Declaration, 26 July 1945.
- The Nobel Prize, Nihon Hidankyo, Nobel Lecture, 10 December 2024.
- The Norwegian Nobel Committee, The Nobel Peace Prize 2024, press release.
- United States Strategic Bombing Survey (HyperWar transcription), Summary Report (Pacific War), 1 July 1946.
- United States Strategic Bombing Survey, via atomicarchive.com, The Effects of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1946).
- US Department of State, Office of the Historian, Foreign Relations of the United States, Conference of Berlin (Potsdam) 1945, volume II, document 1258.
- US National Archives, Featured Documents, Japanese Surrender Document.
- US National Archives, Milestone Documents, Surrender of Japan (1945).
Museums, archives and agencies
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1945.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing Timeline.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Jewel Voice Broadcast.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
- City of Hiroshima, How many people died as a result of the atomic bombing?.
- City of Hiroshima, Paper cranes.
- City of Hiroshima, Peace Memorial Ceremony 2026 programme (in Japanese).
- City of Hiroshima, The Birth of Hiroshima, Peace Memorial City, part 2.
- City of Hiroshima, The Realities of the Atomic Bombing.
- Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation, Cenotaph for the A-bomb Victims.
- Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation, Monument in Memory of the Korean Victims of the A-bomb.
- Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation, The Children's Peace Monument.
- Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, Sadako Sasaki and the paper cranes.
- Hiroshima Prefecture, Black rain (in Japanese).
- Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, History of support for atomic bomb survivors (in Japanese).
- Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Measures for survivors living abroad (in Japanese).
- Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Who are atomic bomb survivors? (in Japanese).
- Nagasaki City, Damage caused by the atomic bombing.
- William Burr (ed.), National Security Archive, The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II (Briefing Book 716).
- Prime Minister's Office of Japan, Nagasaki Peace Memorial Ceremony, 9 August 2026.
- Prime Minister's Office of Japan, Statement on the 80th anniversary of the end of the war, Memorial Ceremony for the War Dead.
- Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Frequently Asked Questions.
- Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Genetic Effects of Radiation in the Offspring of Atomic-Bomb Survivors.
- Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Leukemia Risks among Atomic-bomb Survivors.
- Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Life Span Study (LSS).
- Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Mental Disability and Growth Impairment among Survivors Exposed In Utero.
- Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Solid Cancer Risks among Atomic-bomb Survivors.
- The National WWII Museum, The End of World War II, 1945.
- The National WWII Museum, What (and When) Is V-J Day?.
- Truman Library Institute, Japan Surrenders: Truman's press conference.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Debate Over How to Use the Bomb.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Japan Surrenders.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Potsdam and the Final Decision to Bomb.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, The Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki.
- Samuel J. Cox, Director of Naval History, US Naval History and Heritage Command, H-Gram 053-2: The Surrender of Japan.
Articles
- Mari Yamaguchi, Associated Press, via Anchorage Daily News, A forgotten chapter: the stories of Allied POWs in Nagasaki during the atomic bombing.
- Hiroshima Peace Media Center, Chugoku Shimbun, Striving to fill voids in Hiroshima, Part 6: Korean victims.
- nippon.com, The Japanese Historian Honoring Hiroshima's American Dead.
- Richard B. Frank, The National WWII Museum, The Miraculous Deliverance.
- Richard B. Frank, The National WWII Museum, To Bear the Unbearable: Japan's surrender, part II.
- The Wilson Quarterly, Hiroshima at 60.
Context and debate
The physics45
Records from the time
- Otto Frisch and Rudolf Peierls, atomicarchive.com (transcription), Memorandum on the Properties of a Radioactive Super-bomb, March 1940.
- Otto Frisch and Rudolf Peierls, atomicarchive.com (transcription), On the Construction of a Super-bomb, March 1940.
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, via the US Department of Energy, Yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki Nuclear Explosions (LA-8819), 1985.
- Robert Serber, notes by E. U. Condon, Los Alamos Project, 1943, scan at the University of North Texas Digital Library, The Los Alamos Primer (LA-1), notes on five lectures given in April 1943.
- Henry DeWolf Smyth, US Government, 1945 (text at atomicarchive.com), Atomic Energy for Military Purposes, chapter II, Statement of the Problem.
- Henry DeWolf Smyth, US Government, 1945 (text at atomicarchive.com), Atomic Energy for Military Purposes, chapter VIII, The Plutonium Production Problem.
- Henry DeWolf Smyth, US Government, 1945 (text at atomicarchive.com), Atomic Energy for Military Purposes, chapter X, The Separation of the Uranium Isotopes by Gaseous Diffusion.
Museums, archives and agencies
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, "Fat Man" Atomic Bomb (Ranger in Your Pocket).
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Little Boy and Fat Man.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Science Behind the Atom Bomb.
- Stephen I. Schwartz (ed.), Brookings Institution, US Nuclear Weapons Cost Study Project, 2002, The Costs of the Manhattan Project (from Hewlett and Anderson, The New World, pp. 723 to 724).
- Virginia Grant, Los Alamos National Laboratory, National Security Science, 13 December 2021, Lawrence Johnston.
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, National Security Science, 2023, Trinity triumphs.
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Atomic number 94.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Chemical Separation.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Computers.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Critical Mass.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Cross Section.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, E=mc2.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Early Bomb Design.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Electromagnetic Separation.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Fission.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Fuzes and Detonators.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Gaseous Diffusion.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Gun-Type Design.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, High Explosives.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Implosion Becomes a Necessity.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Implosion Design.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Initiators and Polonium.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Nuclear Chain Reaction.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Plutonium Chemistry.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Reactor Operations.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, The Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, The Trinity Test.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Theory and Research.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Thermal Diffusion.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Uranium Isotope Separation.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Yield/Efficiency.
- US National Park Service, Manhattan Project National Historical Park, Producing Plutonium.
- US National Park Service, The Gadget.
- US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Moderator (glossary).
- World Nuclear Association, Physics of Uranium and Nuclear Energy.
- World Nuclear Association, Uranium Enrichment.
Books
- Samuel Glasstone and Philip J. Dolan, US Department of Defense and Energy Research and Development Administration, 1977 (copy at fissilematerials.org), The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, third edition.
The decision and the debate47
Read The decision and the debate
Records from the time
- atomicarchive.com, from National Archives RG 77, A Petition to the President of the United States, 17 July 1945.
- atomicarchive.com, from National Archives RG 77, Memorandum on the use of S-1 bomb, Ralph A. Bard, 27 June 1945.
- atomicarchive.com, from National Archives RG 77, Recommendations on the immediate use of nuclear weapons, Scientific Panel, 16 June 1945.
- atomicarchive.com, from National Archives RG 77, Report of the Committee on Political and Social Problems (the Franck Report), 11 June 1945.
- atomicarchive.com, Memo for General Carl Spaatz, 25 July 1945.
- atomicarchive.com, Truman to Cate, 12 January 1953.
- City of Hiroshima, Peace Declaration, 6 August 2026.
- Harry S. Truman Library (National Archives Catalog 183568382), Diary note of President Harry S. Truman, 25 July 1945.
- Harry S. Truman Library (National Archives Catalog 313172632), Correspondence between President Harry S. Truman and James L. Cate, with drafts and related material.
- Harry S. Truman Library, Arneson Papers (National Archives Catalog 333234936), Notes of the Interim Committee meeting, 31 May 1945.
- Harry S. Truman Library, Arneson Papers (National Archives Catalog 333234954), Notes of the Interim Committee meeting, 1 June 1945.
- Harry S. Truman Library, Public Papers, Radio report to the American people on the Potsdam Conference, 9 August 1945.
- House of Councillors of Japan, Cabinet answer to a written question, 6 October 2015 (in Japanese).
- House of Representatives of Japan, Cabinet answer to a written question, 7 November 1980 (in Japanese).
- International Crimes Database, T.M.C. Asser Instituut, Shimoda et al. v. the State, Tokyo District Court, 7 December 1963.
- Nagasaki City, Nagasaki Peace Declaration, 9 August 2026.
- National Security Archive, from National Archives RG 457, MAGIC Diplomatic Summary No. 1205, 13 July 1945.
- National Security Archive, from National Archives RG 77, Summary of Target Committee meetings, 10 and 11 May 1945 (Derry and Ramsey to Groves, 12 May 1945; Briefing Book 716, document 11).
- National Security Archive, from the Library of Congress copy of the Yale original, Henry L. Stimson diary, 16 to 25 July 1945.
- United States Strategic Bombing Survey (HyperWar transcription), Summary Report (Pacific War), 1 July 1946.
- US Department of State, Office of the Historian, Peace feelers through the Soviet Union (FRUS, Conference of Berlin, vol. I, documents 580 to 588).
- US Department of State, Office of the Historian, Stimson to the President, Proposed Program for Japan, 2 July 1945 (FRUS, Conference of Berlin, vol. I, document 592).
Museums, archives and agencies
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Controversy over the Enola Gay Exhibition.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Stimson on the Bomb (Harper's Magazine, 1947).
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, The Debate over the Bomb: an annotated bibliography.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, The Franck Report.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, The Interim Committee.
- Douglas J. MacEachin, CIA Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1998, The Final Months of the War With Japan: Signals Intelligence, U.S. Invasion Planning, and the A-Bomb Decision.
- Gallup, 2005, Majority Supports Use of Atomic Bomb on Japan in WWII.
- National Museum of the United States Air Force, Fire Bomb Raids.
- William Burr (ed.), National Security Archive, The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II (Briefing Book 716).
- NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, Survey on the atomic bombings, June 2015 (in Japanese).
- Pew Research Center, 28 July 2025, 80 years later, Americans have mixed views on whether use of atomic bombs on Hiroshima, Nagasaki was justified.
- Pew Research Center, 4 August 2015, 70 years after Hiroshima, opinions have shifted on use of atomic bomb.
- Jennifer Wright, Smithsonian Institution Archives, 25 June 2020, Exhibiting the Enola Gay.
- The National WWII Museum, Hellfire on Earth: Operation MEETINGHOUSE.
- Tokyo Metropolitan Board of Education, Teaching material No. 27: the Tokyo air raid (in Japanese).
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Debate Over How to Use the Bomb.
Articles
- Kyosuke Mizukawa, Chugoku Shimbun, 9 April 2025, The Shimoda case ruling (Hiroshima Peace Media Center).
- Paul Baumann, Commonweal, 8 October 2020, Fussell, Walzer and the bomb.
- Howard Gest, Indiana University, The July 1945 Szilard Petition on the Atomic Bomb: memoir by a signer in Oak Ridge.
- Eric Wiland and Julia Driver, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, revised 30 May 2022, Elizabeth Anscombe.
- The Wilson Quarterly, Hiroshima at 60.
- Richard Schoonhoven, US Military Academy, JSCOPE 2004, Noncombatant Immunity and Truman's Decision.
Books
- Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1948 (Internet Archive scan of the Heinemann edition), Crusade in Europe.
- William D. Leahy, 1950 (Internet Archive scan), I Was There.
- J. Samuel Walker, Cambridge University Press, America in the World, 2013, Recent Literature on Truman's Atomic Bomb Decision: The Triumph of the Middle Ground?.
Japan's surrender33
Records from the time
- Avalon Project, Yale Law School, Soviet declaration of war on Japan, 8 August 1945.
- National Diet Library of Japan, Birth of the Constitution of Japan, Imperial Rescript of the Termination of the War, August 14, 1945.
- National Diet Library of Japan, Birth of the Constitution of Japan, Instrument of Surrender, 2 September 1945.
- National Diet Library of Japan, Birth of the Constitution of Japan, Potsdam Declaration, 26 July 1945.
- National Diet Library of Japan, Birth of the Constitution of Japan, The Constitution of the Empire of Japan (1889).
- National Security Archive, translated by Toshihiro Higuchi, Togo's meetings with the cabinet and the Emperor, 7 and 8 August 1945 (Shusen Shiroku), with Togo's testimony of September 1945 (Briefing Book 716, document 67A).
- National Security Archive, Admiral Sokichi Takagi's diary, 12 August 1945 (Briefing Book 716, document 84).
- National Security Archive, Hiroshi Shimomura's account of the imperial conference of 14 August 1945 (Briefing Book 716, document 89).
- National Security Archive, The meetings of 13 August 1945 (Shusen Shiroku; Briefing Book 716, document 86).
- National Security Archive, Zenshiro Hoshina's account of the imperial conference of 9 and 10 August 1945 (Briefing Book 716, document 75).
- US Department of State, Office of the Historian, Foreign Relations of the United States, Conference of Berlin (Potsdam) 1945, volume II, document 1258.
- US Department of State, Office of the Historian, Japan's acceptance, handed over in Bern, 14 August 1945 (FRUS 1945, vol. VI, document 440).
- US Department of State, Office of the Historian, The Japanese offer of 10 August 1945, delivered by the Swiss chargé (FRUS 1945, vol. VI, document 406).
- US Department of State, Office of the Historian, The Secretary of State's reply to Japan, 11 August 1945 (FRUS 1945, vol. VI, document 412).
- US National Archives, Milestone Documents, Surrender of Japan (1945).
- US Naval History and Heritage Command, online reading room, Japan's Struggle to End the War (US Strategic Bombing Survey, 1 July 1946).
Museums, archives and agencies
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Jewel Voice Broadcast.
- Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, Special exhibit: damage surveys immediately after the bombing.
- Japan Center for Asian Historical Records, National Archives of Japan, Post-World War Two demobilization and repatriation: chronological table.
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, via the Internet Archive, Northern Territories issue.
- National Diet Library of Japan, Birth of the Constitution of Japan, Historical figures.
- National Diet Library of Japan, Birth of the Constitution of Japan, Outline, Part 1: Military defeat and efforts to reform the constitution.
- William Burr (ed.), National Security Archive, The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II (Briefing Book 716).
- The National WWII Museum, What (and When) Is V-J Day?.
- Truman Library Institute, Japan Surrenders: Truman's press conference.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Japan Surrenders.
- Samuel J. Cox, Director of Naval History, US Naval History and Heritage Command, H-Gram 053-2: The Surrender of Japan.
Articles
- H-Diplo, H-Diplo roundtable on Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy (2006).
- Herbert P. Bix, The Asia-Pacific Journal, Japan Focus, vol. 3, issue 7 (2005), Japan's Surrender Decision and the Monarchy: Staying the Course in an Unwinnable War.
- Mark Ealey, The Asia-Pacific Journal, Japan Focus, vol. 4, issue 2 (2006), via the Internet Archive, An August Storm: the Soviet-Japan Endgame in the Pacific War.
- The Christian Science Monitor, 1 August 2015, Why Japan's 1945 surrender speech is almost incomprehensible (Associated Press).
- Richard B. Frank, The National WWII Museum, To Bear the Unbearable: Japan's surrender, part II.
- US National Security Agency, via the Internet Archive, Mokusatsu: One Word, Two Lessons (NSA Technical Journal, 1968).
The German bomb54
Records from the time
- German History in Documents and Images, German Historical Institute Washington, Transcript of surreptitiously taped conversations among German nuclear physicists at Farm Hall, 6 to 7 August 1945.
- The Nobel Prize, Nomination archive: Lise Meitner.
- US Department of State, Office of the Historian, War Department to State Department, 29 December 1945 (FRUS 1945, vol. VI, document 754).
- Victoria and Albert Museum, Poster for Copenhagen, National Theatre, 1998.
Museums, archives and agencies
- American Institute of Physics, Heisenberg web exhibit, Farm Hall Transcripts.
- American Institute of Physics, Heisenberg web exhibit, Fission research.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Einstein-Szilard Letter.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Frisch-Peierls Memorandum.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, German Atomic Bomb Project.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing Timeline.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Japanese Atomic Bomb Project.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Operation Gunnerside.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, The Alsos Mission.
- Heisenberg-Gesellschaft, The war years, 1939 to 1945.
- A. Masaike, Kyoto University Archives, 31 October 2018, Kyoto University Archives Newsletter No. 35 (in Japanese).
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Newsletter 1/2014: the fission table.
- Niels Bohr Archive, Release of documents relating to the 1941 Bohr and Heisenberg meeting: introduction.
- Nishina Memorial Foundation, Dr Yoshio Nishina.
- Norsk Industriarbeidermuseum (Norwegian Industrial Workers Museum, Vemork), The heavy water operations.
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Health Physics Museum, U-234.
- RIKEN, History of RIKEN (in Japanese).
- The Nobel Prize, The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944.
- Town of Haigerloch, Atomkeller Museum: the B8 experiment (in German).
- University of Chicago News, The race for the first nuclear chain reaction.
- US Army, Trinity Site 80th Anniversary Commemoration: The Test.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, CP-1 Goes Critical.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Einstein's Letter, 1939.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Groves and the Manhattan Engineer District.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Rival Programs: Germany and Japan.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, The Discovery of Fission.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, The Trinity Test.
- US Department of Energy, The B Reactor National Historic Landmark (fact sheet).
- US National Park Service, B Reactor.
- US Naval History and Heritage Command, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Sutton (DE-771).
- US Naval History and Heritage Command, H-Gram 033.
- US Naval History and Heritage Command, H-Gram 047.
- Wilhelm und Else Heraeus-Stiftung, US-German WE-Heraeus-Seminar, Physikzentrum Bad Honnef, 1 to 6 June 2025, The American and the German Atomic Bomb Projects and Their Legacies: invited speakers.
Articles
- B. Cameron Reed, arXiv preprint, The German Nuclear Program: a review (arXiv 2001.09971).
- Gerald Wiemers, Neues Archiv für sächsische Geschichte 77, 2006, Review of Rainer Karlsch, Hitlers Bombe (in German).
- G. Grasso and colleagues, Physics in Perspective, 2009, Neutronic analysis of the German experimental reactor B-VIII at Haigerloch.
- Christian Forstner, Physics in Perspective, 2022, The Uranverein: the German nuclear research programme.
- Ryan Dahn, Physics Today, 19 May 2022, The elusive truth of Farm Hall.
- Bertram M. Schwarzschild, Physics Today, 2002, Bohr letters clarify mystery.
- Timothy Koeth and Miriam Hiebert, Physics Today, 2019, Tracking the journey of a uranium cube.
- Jeremy Bernstein and David Cassidy, Physics Today, August 1995, Bomb Apologetics: Farm Hall, August 1945.
- Mark Walker, Physics Today, January 1990, Heisenberg, Goudsmit and the German Atomic Bomb.
- David C. Cassidy, Physics Today, July 2000, A Historical Perspective on Copenhagen.
- Hans A. Bethe, Physics Today, July 2000, The German Uranium Project.
- Elisabeth Crawford, Ruth Lewin Sime and Mark Walker, Physics Today, September 1997, A Nobel Tale of Postwar Injustice.
- Rainer Karlsch and Mark Walker, Physics World, June 2005, New light on Hitler's bomb.
- Physik Journal, Hitlers Bombe? Report of the German Physical Society event, July 2005 (in German).
- Physik Journal, No evidence of a nuclear test at Ohrdruf, March 2006 (in German).
- Michael Craddock, RIKEN Nishina Center, Nishina's cyclotrons (Nishina 120th anniversary lectures).
Britain and the bomb61
Records from the time
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, MAUD Committee Report (transcription).
- Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, UK Treaties Online, Agreement for Cooperation on the Uses of Atomic Energy for Mutual Defence Purposes, Washington, 3 July 1958 (Treaty Series No. 41, 1958, Cmnd 537).
- Dennis C. Fakley, Los Alamos Science, Winter/Spring 1983 (drawn from Margaret Gowing's official history), The British Mission.
- Ministry of Defence, 2006, The Future of the United Kingdom's Nuclear Deterrent, fact sheet 5: history of the UK's nuclear weapons programme (Cm 6994).
- The American Presidency Project, UC Santa Barbara, Declaration of Common Purpose by the President and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, 25 October 1957.
- The American Presidency Project, University of California, Santa Barbara, Joint Statement Following Discussions With Prime Minister Macmillan: The Nassau Agreement, 21 December 1962.
- UK Parliament, Hansard, Debate on the Address, House of Commons, 16 August 1945, vol. 413, col. 78.
- Richard G. Hewlett and Francis Duncan, US Atomic Energy Commission, 1969; via the US Department of Energy, Atomic Shield, 1947 to 1952: A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, vol. II.
- US Department of State, Office of the Historian, Agreement Relating to Atomic Energy (the Quebec Agreement), 19 August 1943 (FRUS, Conferences at Washington and Quebec, 1943, document 521).
- US Department of State, Office of the Historian, Attlee to Truman, 17 December 1946 (FRUS 1946, vol. I, document 635).
- US Department of State, Office of the Historian, Bermuda Conference, 5 December 1953, atomic energy discussion (FRUS 1952 to 1954, vol. V part 2, document 344).
- US Department of State, Office of the Historian, Churchill to Hopkins, 27 February 1943, enclosing the British memorandum on Tube Alloys (FRUS, Conferences at Washington and Quebec, 1943, document 4).
- US Department of State, Office of the Historian, Lovett's briefing of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 21 January 1948 (FRUS 1948, vol. I part 2, document 68).
- US Department of State, Office of the Historian, Minutes of a Meeting of the Combined Policy Committee, Washington, 4 July 1945 (FRUS 1945, vol. II, document 4).
- US Department of State, Office of the Historian, Modus vivendi agreed at the Combined Policy Committee, Blair House, 7 January 1948 (FRUS 1948, vol. I part 2, document 66).
Museums, archives and agencies
- American Institute of Physics, Papers of George Placzek, finding aid.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Britain's Early Input, 1940 to 1941.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Frisch-Peierls Memorandum.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, George Placzek.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, James Tuck.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Joseph Rotblat.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Klaus Fuchs.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Leonard Cheshire.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Mark Oliphant.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, William Penney.
- Australian Dictionary of Biography, Australian National University, Massey, Sir Harrie Stewart (1908 to 1983).
- Australian Dictionary of Biography, Australian National University, Oliphant, Sir Marcus Laurence Elwin (Mark) (1901 to 2000).
- Australian Dictionary of Biography, Australian National University, Titterton, Sir Ernest William (1916 to 1990).
- Churchill Archives Centre, University of Cambridge, The Papers of Egon Bretscher, catalogue description.
- Encyclopaedia Britannica, Henry Maitland Wilson, 1st Baron Wilson.
- Encyclopaedia Britannica, Joseph Rotblat.
- Encyclopaedia Britannica, Klaus Fuchs.
- Encyclopaedia Britannica, Otto Robert Frisch.
- Encyclopaedia Britannica, Sir Rudolf Peierls.
- Encyclopaedia Britannica, William Penney, Baron Penney.
- FCDO Historians, GOV.UK, 2 March 2020, What's the Context? Sentencing of atomic spy Klaus Fuchs, 1 March 1950.
- Gill Bennett, FCDO Historians, GOV.UK, 7 January 2022, What's the Context? The decision to build a British atomic bomb, 8 January 1947.
- House of Commons Library, Amendments to the UK-US Mutual Defence Agreement (CBP 10086).
- Leonard Cheshire, Our history.
- Angie Piccolo, Los Alamos National Laboratory, The Vault, Los Alamos and the British Mission.
- MacTutor History of Mathematics, University of St Andrews, Rudolf Ernst Peierls.
- MacTutor History of Mathematics, University of St Andrews, William George Penney.
- MI5, The Security Service, Klaus Fuchs.
- National Portrait Gallery, Leonard Cheshire, Baron Cheshire.
- Nobel Prize Outreach, James Chadwick, biographical.
- Nobel Prize Outreach, James Chadwick, facts.
- Nobel Prize Outreach, Joseph Rotblat, biographical.
- Nobel Prize Outreach, Joseph Rotblat, facts.
- Nuclear Decommissioning Authority, GOV.UK blog, Windscale: from nuclear pioneer to decommissioning landmark.
- Royal Air Force Museum, History of aviation timeline: British military aviation, 1953.
- Royal Air Force Museum, History of aviation timeline: British military aviation, 1955.
- Sellafield Ltd, GOV.UK, Windscale Pile 2.
- The History of Parliament, Anderson, Sir John (1882 to 1958).
- The National Archives, Atomic Weapons Research Establishment (ES 19), catalogue description.
- The National Archives, Records of the Directorate of Tube Alloys (AB 1 and related series), catalogue description.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, A Tentative Decision to Build the Bomb.
Articles
- Jacques E. C. Hymans, Journal of Strategic Studies, vol. 32, no. 5, 2009 (author's copy), Britain and Hiroshima.
- Physics Today, March 1981, James Leslie Tuck (obituary).
Books
- Nic Maclellan, ANU Press, 2017 (open access), Grappling with the Bomb: Britain's Pacific H-bomb tests.
- Nic Maclellan, ANU Press, 2017 (open access), Grappling with the Bomb: timeline and glossary.
- Richard G. Hewlett and Oscar E. Anderson Jr., Pennsylvania State University Press, 1962 (US Department of Energy), The New World, 1939/1946 (A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, vol. I).
The atomic spies36
Records from the time
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Hans Bethe's interview with Richard Rhodes (1993), Voices of the Manhattan Project.
- Robert Louis Benson and Michael Warner (eds), National Security Agency and Central Intelligence Agency, 1996, Venona: Soviet Espionage and the American Response, 1939 to 1957.
- President of Russia, President Vladimir Putin handed over to the GRU Museum the Gold Star medal and Hero of Russia certificate bestowed on Soviet intelligence officer George Koval, 2 November 2007.
- The National Archives, KV 2/1245, Emil Julius Klaus Fuchs, catalogue description.
- The National Archives, KV 2/2209, Alan Nunn May.
- US National Archives, catalogue 278774, Jell-O box exhibit used in the espionage trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg and Morton Sobell.
- US National Archives, National Archives to open Rosenberg grand jury transcripts (press release, 2008).
Museums, archives and agencies
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Alan Nunn May.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, David Greenglass.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Espionage.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, George Koval.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Harry Gold.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Klaus Fuchs.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Manhattan Project Spotlight: Robert Lamphere and the atomic spies.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Soviet Atomic Program, 1946.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Theodore Hall.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Yuli B. Khariton.
- FCDO Historians, GOV.UK, 2 March 2020, What's the Context? Sentencing of atomic spy Klaus Fuchs, 1 March 1950.
- Federal Bureau of Investigation, via the Internet Archive (9 January 2026), Atom Spy Case/Rosenbergs.
- Library and Archives Canada, The Gouzenko affair and the Cold War: Soviet spies in Canada.
- MI5, The Security Service, Klaus Fuchs.
- Robert L. Benson, National Security Agency, Center for Cryptologic History, 2001 (2019 reprint), The Venona Story.
- National Security Archive, 9 September 2019, Detection of the first Soviet nuclear test, September 1949.
- National Security Archive, New Rosenberg grand jury transcripts released Wednesday, July 15, 2015.
- PBS NOVA, Secrets, Lies, and Atomic Spies, Read Venona intercepts: the November 12, 1944 cable, Theodore Alvin Hall and Saville Sax.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Espionage and the Manhattan Project, 1940 to 1945.
Articles
- ABA Journal, September 2008, At age 91, convicted spy figure admits guilt, implicates Julius Rosenberg.
- Carnegie Corporation of New York, Stalin and the Bomb: review of David Holloway's study (Carnegie Quarterly, Spring 1995).
- Donald P. Steury, Central Intelligence Agency, How the CIA missed Stalin's bomb (Studies in Intelligence 49:1, 2005).
- History News Network (from The New York Times, 2009), John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr say Rosenberg may have enlisted two spies.
- Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 11 September 2008, Figure in Rosenberg case admits spying.
- NPR, Spying/Treason (Talk of the Nation, 22 October 1997).
- R. I. Ilkaev, Physics Uspekhi, Major stages of the Atomic Project (Physics Uspekhi 56(5), 2013).
- Wilson Center, Cold War International History Project Bulletin 4 (Fall 1994): David Holloway, Sources for Stalin and the Bomb; Vladislav Zubok, Atomic Espionage and its Soviet Witnesses.
- Mark Kramer, Wilson Center, Research Note: Documenting the Early Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program (CWIHP Bulletin 6 to 7, 1995/96).
After 194567
Records from the time
- Commonwealth of Australia (archived copy), Royal Commission into British Nuclear Tests in Australia: conclusions and recommendations (1985).
- Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, GOV.UK, Amendment to the US and UK Agreement for Cooperation on the Uses of Atomic Energy for Mutual Defense Purposes (Treaty Series No. 41, 2026).
- Ministry of Defence, GOV.UK, Key events in the UK atmospheric nuclear test programme.
- The American Presidency Project, UC Santa Barbara, Declaration of Common Purpose by the President and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, 25 October 1957.
- The American Presidency Project, UC Santa Barbara, Statement by the President announcing the first atomic explosion in the USSR, 23 September 1949.
- The American Presidency Project, UC Santa Barbara, Statement by the President on the hydrogen bomb, 31 January 1950.
- The National Archives, KV 2/2209, Alan Nunn May.
- The Norwegian Nobel Committee, The Nobel Peace Prize 2024, press release.
- UK Parliament, Hansard, Armed Forces (Modern Weapons), House of Commons, 12 May 1948.
- UK Parliament, Hansard, Hydrogen Bomb, House of Commons debate, 5 April 1954.
- UK Parliament, Written question 79348, answered 20 October 2025.
- UN Office for Disarmament Affairs, treaties database, Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty.
- UN Office for Disarmament Affairs, treaties database, Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty: participants.
- UN Office for Disarmament Affairs, treaties database, Partial Test Ban Treaty.
- UN Office for Disarmament Affairs, treaties database, Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.
- UN Office for Disarmament Affairs, treaties database, Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.
- UN Office for Disarmament Affairs, treaties database, Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons: participants.
- US Department of Energy, NNSA Nevada Field Office, 2015, United States Nuclear Tests, July 1945 through September 1992 (DOE/NV-209 Rev 16).
- US Department of Energy, NNSA, Transparency in the U.S. Nuclear Weapons Stockpile (fact sheet, October 2021).
- US Department of State, Office of the Historian, Agreement Relating to Atomic Energy (the Quebec Agreement), 19 August 1943 (FRUS, Conferences at Washington and Quebec, 1943, document 521).
- US Department of State, Office of the Historian, Aide-Memoire of Conversation Between the President and the Prime Minister at Hyde Park, 18 September 1944 (FRUS, Conference at Quebec, 1944, document 299).
- US Department of State, Office of the Historian, Attlee to Truman, 16 April 1946 (FRUS 1946, vol. I, document 615).
- US Department of State, Office of the Historian, Churchill to Stimson, 18 July 1945, with the photostat of the Hyde Park aide-memoire (FRUS, Conference of Berlin, vol. II, document 1306).
- US Department of State, Office of the Historian, Memorandum by David Lilienthal, April 1947 (FRUS 1947, vol. I, document 411).
- US Department of State, Office of the Historian, Memorandum by Groves and Anderson, 16 November 1945 (FRUS 1945, vol. II, document 29).
- US Department of State, Office of the Historian, Memorandum by Truman, Attlee and Mackenzie King, 16 November 1945 (FRUS 1945, vol. II, document 28).
- US Department of State, Office of the Historian, Truman to Attlee, 20 April 1946 (FRUS 1946, vol. I, document 619).
- US Government Publishing Office, Atomic Energy Act of 1946 (60 Stat. 755).
- US Government Publishing Office, Public Law 85-479, amending the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, 2 July 1958 (72 Stat. 276).
Museums, archives and agencies
- Air Force Historical Foundation, November 4, 1954.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, 509th Composite Group.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, British Nuclear Program.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Castle Bravo.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Hydrogen Bomb, 1950.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Igor Kurchatov.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Soviet Atomic Program, 1946.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Soviet Hydrogen Bomb Program.
- Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency, British nuclear weapons testing in Australia.
- AWE, Our history.
- Daigo Fukuryu Maru Exhibition Hall, Tokyo, About the Daigo Fukuryu Maru.
- FCDO Historians, GOV.UK, 2 March 2020, What's the Context? Sentencing of atomic spy Klaus Fuchs, 1 March 1950.
- Gill Bennett, FCDO Historians, GOV.UK, 7 January 2022, What's the Context? The decision to build a British atomic bomb, 8 January 1947.
- Hans M. Kristensen, Matt Korda and others, Federation of American Scientists, Status of World Nuclear Forces, 2026.
- International Committee of the Red Cross, 10 October 2018, Nuclear weapons.
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, National Security Science, 75 years of weapons advances.
- Angie Piccolo, Los Alamos National Laboratory, The Vault, Los Alamos and the British Mission.
- MI5, The Security Service, Klaus Fuchs.
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Diplomatic Bluebook 2025, chapter 3, section 4.
- National Museum of the United States Air Force, Boeing B-29 Superfortress.
- National Security Archive, 13 May 2021, The British Bomb and the United States, Part One.
- William Burr (ed.), National Security Archive, 22 September 2009, Detection of the first Soviet nuclear test, September 1949 (Briefing Book 286).
- William Burr (ed.), National Security Archive, 29 February 2024, Castle BRAVO at 70: The Worst Nuclear Test in U.S. History (Briefing Book 853).
- Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, SIPRI Yearbook 2026 press release, 8 June 2026.
- United Nations, International Day against Nuclear Tests: history.
- US Air Force, 509 Bomb Wing (ACC) fact sheet.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Civilian Control of Atomic Energy.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Proliferation.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, The MAUD Report, 1941.
- US Department of State, Office of the Historian, The Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962.
- US Department of State, Office of the Historian, The Limited Test Ban Treaty, 1963.
Articles
- Stephen Joiner, Air & Space Magazine, Smithsonian, December 2013, The Jet that Shocked the West.
- Von Hardesty, Air & Space Magazine, Smithsonian, March 2001, Made in the U.S.S.R..
- Michio Shimotaka and Hiromi Morita, Chugoku Shimbun, 1 December 2024, Nihon Hidankyo's path to the Nobel Peace Prize, part 1.
- Kyosuke Mizukawa, Chugoku Shimbun, 16 March 2025, August 6, 1955: first World Conference against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs is held.
- Masami Nishimoto, Chugoku Shimbun, Hiroshima Peace Media Center, History of Hiroshima: 1945 to 1995, part 18 (the signature drive).
- Alexander Glaser and Malte Gottsche, US Department of Energy, OSTI, Fissile Material Stockpile Declarations and Cooperative Nuclear Archaeology.
Books
- Richard G. Hewlett and Oscar E. Anderson Jr., Pennsylvania State University Press, 1962 (US Department of Energy), The New World, 1939/1946 (A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, vol. I).
Myths and mistakes49
Records from the time
- AFI Catalog, Above and Beyond (1953).
- AFI Catalog, The Beginning or the End (1947).
- atomicarchive.com, Excerpt from the Declassified Transcripts of Secretly Recorded Conversations at Farm Hall.
- atomicarchive.com, Memo for General Carl Spaatz, 25 July 1945.
- atomicarchive.com, Notes of the Interim Committee Meeting (page dated 16 June 1945).
- atomicarchive.com, Truman to Cate, 12 January 1953.
- German History in Documents and Images, German Historical Institute Washington, Transcript of surreptitiously taped conversations among German nuclear physicists at Farm Hall, 6 to 7 August 1945.
- Harry S. Truman Library, Public Papers, Radio report to the American people on the Potsdam Conference, 9 August 1945.
- National Security Archive, from National Archives RG 457, MAGIC Diplomatic Summary No. 1205, 13 July 1945.
- National Security Archive, from the Library of Congress copy of the Yale original, Henry L. Stimson diary, 16 to 25 July 1945.
- Oregon State University Special Collections and Archives, Linus Pauling, note of a conversation with Einstein, 16 November 1954.
- US Department of State, Office of the Historian, Aide-Memoire of Conversation Between the President and the Prime Minister at Hyde Park, 18 September 1944 (FRUS, Conference at Quebec, 1944, document 299).
- US Department of State, Office of the Historian, Proclamation by the Heads of Governments, United States, China and the United Kingdom, 26 July 1945 (FRUS, Conference of Berlin, vol. II, document 1382).
Museums, archives and agencies
- American Institute of Physics, Heisenberg web exhibit, Farm Hall Transcripts.
- American Institute of Physics, Einstein: Image and Impact, the nuclear age.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Albert Einstein.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Hiroshima and Nagasaki Missions: Planes & Crews.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Hyde Park Aide-Memoire.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Little Boy and Fat Man.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Paul Tibbets.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Stimson on the Bomb (Harper's Magazine, 1947).
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, USS Indianapolis.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Warning Leaflets.
- City of Hiroshima, How many people died as a result of the atomic bombing?.
- City of Hiroshima, Is there still radiation in Hiroshima and Nagasaki?.
- City of Hiroshima, The Birth of Hiroshima, Peace Memorial City, part 1.
- Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, Human Shadow Etched in Stone.
- Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, Sadako and the Paper Cranes, section 5.
- Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, Sadako Sasaki and the paper cranes.
- National Museum of the United States Air Force, Bockscar: The Aircraft.
- National Museum of the United States Air Force, Bockscar: The Mission.
- William Burr (ed.), National Security Archive, The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II (Briefing Book 716).
- Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Frequently Asked Questions.
- Radiation Effects Research Foundation, RERF's Views on Residual Radiation, 8 December 2012.
- Town of Haigerloch, Atomkeller Museum (in German).
- Town of Haigerloch, Atomkeller Museum: the B8 experiment (in German).
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Potsdam and the Final Decision to Bomb.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, The Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, The Trinity Test.
- US Naval History and Heritage Command, H-Gram 052-1: The U.S. Navy and the Atomic Bomb.
Articles
- Air and Space Forces Magazine, Near Failure at Nagasaki.
- Josette H. Williams, CIA, Studies in Intelligence 46:3, 2002, The Information War in the Pacific, 1945: Paths to Peace.
- Jeremy Bernstein, New York Review of Books, 23 September 1999, Donne and the Bomb (letter).
- James A. Hijiya, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 144:2, June 2000, The Gita of J. Robert Oppenheimer.
- Alex Wellerstein, Restricted Data, the Nuclear Secrecy Blog, 24 July 2023, Henry Stimson didn't go to Kyoto on his honeymoon.
- Alex Wellerstein, Restricted Data, the Nuclear Secrecy Blog, 26 April 2013, A Day Too Late.
- Bruce J. Hunt, The Appendix 1:1, December 2012, Box Office Bomb: The Beginning or the End (1947).
- The Guardian, 6 August 2002, 'One hell of a big bang' (Studs Terkel interviews Paul Tibbets).
- WNYC Studios, On the Media, White House Meddling in the First Film About the Atomic Bomb (13 August 2010).
Using the site
Visit67
Records from the time
- Jackson-Retondo and Johnson, US National Park Service, for the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, Tinian Landing Beaches, Ushi Point Field, and North Field National Historic Landmark: Section 213 Report.
Museums, archives and agencies
- American Museum of Science and Energy, About AMSE.
- American Museum of Science and Energy, DOE Public Facilities Bus Tour.
- City of Hiroshima, Paper cranes for the Children's Peace Monument.
- City of Hiroshima, Peace Memorial Ceremony 2026 programme (in Japanese).
- CNMI Office of Transit Authority, Inter-island ferry feasibility study, March 2025.
- Commemorative Air Force, AirPower Squadron, B-29 rides.
- Commemorative Air Force, AirPower Squadron, B-29 Superfortress FIFI.
- Doc's Friends, Doc's story.
- Doc's Friends, Visit.
- Hiroshima and Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Halls for the Atomic Bomb Victims, Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall.
- Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims, About the Hall.
- Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims, Visit.
- Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation, Cenotaph for the A-bomb Victims.
- Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, Access.
- Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum.
- Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, History of the museum.
- Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, Online A-bomb Survivor Testimony.
- Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, Talks by A-bomb Legacy Successors.
- Historic Wendover Airfield, Visit.
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bradbury Science Museum exhibits.
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Visit the Bradbury Science Museum.
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Visit the Manhattan Project National Historical Park.
- Marianas Visitors Authority, Visitor information.
- Nagasaki City, A-bombed remains: Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum (in Japanese).
- Nagasaki City, A-bombed remains: Peace Park (in Japanese).
- Nagasaki City, A-bombed remains: the former belfry of Urakami Cathedral (in Japanese).
- Nagasaki City, A-bombed remains: the hypocentre (in Japanese).
- Nagasaki City, A-bombed remains: the one-legged torii of Sanno Shrine (in Japanese).
- Nagasaki City, A-bombed remains: Urakami Cathedral (in Japanese).
- Nagasaki City, Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Historic Ruins.
- Nagasaki City, Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum.
- Nagasaki City, Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum (in Japanese).
- Nagasaki City, Peace study tour (in Japanese).
- Nagasaki City, The Peace Statue (in Japanese).
- Nagasaki Foundation for the Promotion of Peace, Talks by atomic bomb survivors (in Japanese).
- Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims, About the Hall.
- Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims, Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims.
- National Museum of Nuclear Science and History, Completed: B-29 Superfortress.
- National Museum of Nuclear Science and History, Heritage Park.
- National Museum of the United States Air Force, Bockscar: The Aircraft.
- National Museum of the United States Air Force, Plan your visit.
- National Museum of the United States Air Force, World War II Gallery.
- Office of the Mayor of Tinian, North Field rehabilitation (quoting Kyodo News), 5 August 2025.
- Prime Minister's Office of Japan, Nagasaki Peace Memorial Ceremony, 9 August 2026.
- Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Boeing B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay.
- Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Frequently asked questions regarding the exhibition of the B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay.
- Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.
- Star Marianas Air, Flights and schedules.
- UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Hiroshima Peace Memorial (Genbaku Dome).
- US Air Force, 75th Air Base Wing Public Affairs, Hill Aerospace Museum's B-29 Superfortress gets historical makeover.
- US Army, White Sands Missile Range, Trinity Site Open House.
- US Department of Energy, Hanford Site, B Reactor National Historic Landmark.
- US Department of Energy, Hanford Site, Pre-War Historic Sites tours.
- US Department of Energy, The B Reactor National Historic Landmark (fact sheet).
- US National Park Service, American Memorial Park, Fees and passes.
- US National Park Service, Manhattan Project National Historical Park, Hanford tours.
- US National Park Service, Manhattan Project National Historical Park, Los Alamos, New Mexico.
- US National Park Service, White Sands National Park, Trinity Site.
- US National Park Service, American Memorial Park.
- US National Park Service, American Museum of Science and Energy.
- US National Park Service, B Reactor.
- US National Park Service, Experience a guided tour behind the fence.
- US National Park Service, Explore the Bradbury Science Museum.
- US National Park Service, Tinian Island during the Manhattan Project.
- US National Park Service, Tinian Landing Beaches, Ushi Point, and North Fields, Tinian Island.
- US National Park Service, Wendover Air Force Base.
Books and films145
Records from the time
- AFI Catalog, Above and Beyond (1953).
- AFI Catalog, Fat Man and Little Boy (1989).
- AFI Catalog, The Beginning or the End (1947).
- Australian Centre for the Moving Image, Rhapsody in August = Hachigatsu no kyoshikyoku.
- Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, Hiroshima Nagasaki August, 1945 (catalogue record).
- Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, The World at War, No. 24: The Bomb, February-September 1945.
- British Board of Film Classification, Above And Beyond.
- British Board of Film Classification, Barefoot Gen.
- British Board of Film Classification, Black Rain.
- British Board of Film Classification, Children Of Hiroshima.
- British Board of Film Classification, Enola Gay.
- British Board of Film Classification, Hiroshima.
- British Board of Film Classification, Hiroshima.
- British Board of Film Classification, Hiroshima - Out Of The Ashes.
- British Board of Film Classification, Hiroshima Mon Amour.
- British Board of Film Classification, In This Corner Of The World.
- British Board of Film Classification, Oppenheimer.
- British Board of Film Classification, Rhapsody In August.
- British Board of Film Classification, Shadow Makers.
- British Board of Film Classification, The Atomic Cafe.
- British Board of Film Classification, To End All War: Oppenheimer And The Atomic Bomb.
- British Board of Film Classification, White Light/Black Rain: The Destruction Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki.
- Jisc Library Hub Discover (UK union catalogue), Search results: Atlantic Books, London.
- Jisc Library Hub Discover (UK union catalogue), Search results: hachiya hiroshima diary (UNC 1955; Gollancz, London, 1955; UNC 1995; Monoray, London, 2024).
- Jisc Library Hub Discover (UK union catalogue), Search results: HarperCollins, New York, 2005; John Murray, London, 2005.
- Jisc Library Hub Discover (UK union catalogue), Search results: Monoray, London, 2025.
- Jisc Library Hub Discover (UK union catalogue), Search results: Ruin from the air, Sphere 1978, Panther 1985 (c1977).
- Jisc Library Hub Discover (UK union catalogue), Search results: Scribe edition, 2020.
- Jisc Library Hub Discover (UK union catalogue), Search results: Souvenir Press, London, 2015 and 2017.
- Library of Congress, National Film Registry titles, listed alphabetically.
- Smithsonian Libraries and Archives, Return of the Enola Gay / Paul W. Tibbets, 1998 (catalogue record, 'A Paul Tibbets Book 1998').
- University of Pennsylvania Libraries, Barefoot Gen: a cartoon story of Hiroshima, Last Gasp, 2004-, 10 volumes (catalogue record).
- University of Pennsylvania Libraries, Black rain, Kodansha International, 1969, translation of Kuroi ame (catalogue record).
- University of Pennsylvania Libraries, Dawn over zero, Knopf, 1946, first edition (catalogue record).
- University of Pennsylvania Libraries, Enola Gay, Stein and Day, 1977 (search result).
- University of Pennsylvania Libraries, Hiroshima diary, 1955 (catalogue record).
- University of Pennsylvania Libraries, Hiroshima notes, Grove, 1996; earlier edition Marion Boyars, 1995 (catalogue record).
- University of Pennsylvania Libraries, Hiroshima, Knopf, 1946, first edition (catalogue record).
- University of Pennsylvania Libraries, Hiroshima, new edition, Knopf, 1985 (catalogue record, contents include The aftermath).
- University of Pennsylvania Libraries, Now it can be told, Da Capo, 1983, reprint of Harper 1962 (catalogue record).
- University of Pennsylvania Libraries, Search results: Avid Reader Press, New York, 2020.
- University of Pennsylvania Libraries, Search results: Constable, London, 2025.
- University of Pennsylvania Libraries, Search results: Harper, 1962, first edition.
- University of Pennsylvania Libraries, Search results: ibuse black rain (Kodansha USA 2012, first US edition).
- University of Pennsylvania Libraries, Search results: Viking, New York, 2015 (catalogue record).
- University of Pennsylvania Libraries, Search results: W. W. Norton, New York, 2020, first edition.
- University of Pennsylvania Libraries, The bells of Nagasaki, Kodansha International, 1984 (catalogue record, translation of Nagasaki no kane).
Museums, archives and agencies
- Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, The 53rd Academy Awards (1981), Documentary (Feature) nominees.
- American Film Institute, Trinity and Beyond (AFI Fest 1995).
- Arrow Films, Hiroshima (Blu-ray).
- Arrow Video, Hiroshima (Blu-ray).
- Atomic Heritage Foundation (National Museum of Nuclear Science and History), Movie Review: In This Corner of the World.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, AHF to Live-Tweet Manhattan Season 2.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Hiroshima and Nagasaki Missions: Planes & Crews.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Joseph Papalia's Interview (13 June 2016).
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Voices of the Manhattan Project.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, William L. Laurence.
- BAFTA, Television awards 2025: Specialist Factual.
- BAFTA, TV Craft awards 2006: Visual Effects.
- BBC Two, Atomic People.
- BBC World Service, The Bomb.
- BBC World Service, The Bomb, 1. Moonshine (31 July 2020).
- BBC, The Bomb podcast feed (names Emily Strasser as presenter of series 1 and Rosa Ellis of series 2).
- Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, The Day After Trinity: J. Robert Oppenheimer and the Atomic Bomb.
- Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, White Light/Black Rain.
- Boston University College of General Studies, Paper Lanterns documentary tells story of WWII POWs.
- British Film Institute, Hiroshima mon amour (1959).
- Bullfrog Films, The Vow from Hiroshima.
- Cal Poly Pomona University Library, Hiroshima, Nagasaki (research guide).
- Comic Book Legal Defense Fund, Case Study: Barefoot Gen.
- Farallon Films (production company), White Light/Black Rain.
- Grove Atlantic, Hiroshima Notes (publisher page).
- Harvard Film Archive, Black Rain.
- Harvard Film Archive, Children of Hiroshima.
- Hiroshima and Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Halls for the Atomic Bomb Victims, Global Network (English home page).
- Hiroshima Archive Production Committee, Hiroshima Archive: Introduction.
- Hiroshima Archive Production Committee, Hiroshima Archive: Members.
- Hiroshima International Film Festival 2016, Paper Lanterns.
- Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, Online A-bomb Survivor Testimony.
- Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, Peace Database.
- IDFA (International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam), Hiroshima-Nagasaki, August 1945.
- India International Centre, The Day After Trinity (USA).
- International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, International Emmy Awards winners archive (Documentary, 2006).
- Kino Lorber Education, The Atomic Cafe.
- Kodansha (prize body), Noma Literary Prize: past winners (19th, 1966: Kuroi ame, Ibuse Masuji, Shinchosha).
- Last Gasp, Barefoot Gen Vol. 1 (publisher page).
- Leslie Woodhead (film maker), The Day They Dropped The Bomb.
- Library of Congress, National Film Preservation Board, The Atomic Cafe (essay by John Wills).
- Little, Brown Book Group, The Hiroshima Men (Constable).
- Melbourne International Film Festival archive, The Day After Trinity.
- National Museum of the United States Air Force, Bockscar: The Mission.
- Nieman Foundation, Harvard, Southard, Wachsmann and Luxenberg named winners of the 2016 J. Anthony Lukas Prize Project Awards.
- Paul Wilmshurst (writer, producer and director), Hiroshima.
- PBS (Ken Burns), The War.
- PBS American Experience, The Trials of J. Robert Oppenheimer.
- PBS International, The Bomb.
- PBS, PBS' THE BOMB Explores the Invention of the Atomic Bomb (press release, 21 May 2015).
- Peabody Awards, The Day After Trinity: J. Robert Oppenheimer and the Atomic Bomb.
- Penguin Books UK, Hiroshima (Penguin Modern Classics, 2002).
- Penguin Books UK, The Bells of Nagasaki (Vintage Classics).
- Penguin Random House (Vintage), Hiroshima by John Hersey.
- Penguin Random House, American Prometheus (hardcover 5 April 2005).
- Penguin Random House, Hiroshima by M. G. Sheftall (Dutton, 10 September 2024).
- Penguin Random House, Nagasaki by M. G. Sheftall (Dutton, 5 August 2025).
- Penguin Random House, Nagasaki by Susan Southard.
- Penguin Random House, Road to Surrender (Random House; ebook 16 May 2023).
- Queensland Art Gallery and Gallery of Modern Art, Barefoot Gen.
- Shinchosha, Kuroi ame (publisher page, Shincho Bunko; lists the 19th Noma Literary Prize).
- Simon & Schuster, The Devil Reached Toward the Sky (Avid Reader Press, 5 August 2025).
- Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Frequently asked questions regarding the exhibition of the B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay.
- Television Academy, Day One AT&T Presents.
- Television Academy, Emmy Rewind: Aaron Spelling.
- Television Academy, HBO Tops 2008 Creative Arts Emmys.
- Television Academy, Hiroshima: Out Of The Ashes.
- The Pulitzer Prizes, Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin (2006 Biography winner, Alfred A. Knopf).
- trigon-film (distributor), Hiroshima mon amour.
- University of North Carolina Press, Hiroshima Diary, revised edition (publisher page).
Articles
- Air and Space Forces Magazine, Near Failure at Nagasaki.
- APS News, American Physical Society, May 21, 1946: Louis Slotin Becomes Second Victim of Demon Core.
- Book Marks (Literary Hub), Hiroshima: The Last Witnesses, review roundup (quotes Meghan Cox Gurdon, Wall Street Journal).
- British Film Institute, 10 great films about the atomic age.
- Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, White Light/Black Rain review (Hugh Gusterson, 1 August 2007).
- Chugoku Shimbun, Hiroshima Peace Media Center, Documenting Hiroshima 80 years after A-bombing: In June 1952, production starts on A-bomb films.
- eiga.com, 40th Japan Academy Prize results (3 March 2017).
- History News Network, 75 Years Ago the First 'Nuclear Race' Was in Hollywood (Greg Mitchell, 12 July 2020).
- Kirkus Reviews, Shockwave (review).
- Kirkus Reviews, War's End (review).
- Andrew Cockburn, London Review of Books, vol. 45 no. 22, 16 November 2023, Big Six v. Little Boy.
- Los Angeles Review of Books, Fact, Fiction, and the Father of the Bomb: On Christopher Nolan's Oppenheimer (Alex Wellerstein, 30 August 2023).
- Multichannel News, WGN America Cancels Manhattan (3 February 2016).
- Nippon.com, 7 August 2015, Nagasaki's Light and Shadow.
- Physics Today, Manhattan, a review (Cheryl Rofer, 31 July 2014).
- Publishers Weekly, 3 June 2020, Fallout (review).
- Publishers Weekly, Shockwave: Countdown to Hiroshima (review, 23 May 2005).
- Reason, Bombs Drop in a Smithsonian Documentary (Glenn Garvin, 31 July 2015).
- RogerEbert.com, Rhapsody in August movie review (Roger Ebert).
- Ryukyu Shimpo, Article of 6 August 2014 noting Hiroshima Noto (Iwanami Shinsho) published June 1965.
- TheWrap, Manhattan Renewed by WGN America for Season 2.
- Turner Classic Movies, Above and Beyond (Stephanie Thames).
- Union of Concerned Scientists, Oppenheimer Remains Largely Faithful to History, But Some Critical Pieces are Missing (Jennifer Knox, 26 July 2023).
- WNYC Studios, On the Media, White House Meddling in the First Film About the Atomic Bomb (13 August 2010).
Books
- VideoHound's Golden Movie Retriever (via Encyclopedia.com), Day One.
- VideoHound's Golden Movie Retriever (via Encyclopedia.com), Enola Gay: The Men, the Mission, the Atomic Bomb.
- VideoHound's Golden Movie Retriever (via Encyclopedia.com), Hiroshima: Out of the Ashes.
Glossary63
Records from the time
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Dangers of Accidental Detonations.
- German History in Documents and Images, German Historical Institute Washington, Transcript of surreptitiously taped conversations among German nuclear physicists at Farm Hall, 6 to 7 August 1945.
- Harry S. Truman Library, Arneson Papers (National Archives Catalog 333234954), Notes of the Interim Committee meeting, 1 June 1945.
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, reproduced by the US Department of Energy, History of Project A (Norman Ramsey, 1945), in Los Alamos Science, 1983.
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, via the US Department of Energy, Yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki Nuclear Explosions (LA-8819), 1985.
- National Diet Library of Japan, Birth of the Constitution of Japan, Potsdam Declaration, 26 July 1945.
- US Government Publishing Office, Atomic Energy Act of 1946 (60 Stat. 755).
- US National Archives, Photographs of Atomic Bomb Preparations at Tinian Island (series 77-BT, NAID 519392).
- US National Park Service, 1985, National Register nomination 85003268: Tinian Landing Beaches, Ushi Point Field and North Field.
- Jackson-Retondo and Johnson, US National Park Service, for the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, Tinian Landing Beaches, Ushi Point Field, and North Field National Historic Landmark: Section 213 Report.
Museums, archives and agencies
- American Institute of Physics, Heisenberg web exhibit, Farm Hall Transcripts.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, 509th Composite Group.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Britain's Early Input, 1940 to 1941.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, German Atomic Bomb Project.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing Timeline.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Hiroshima and Nagasaki Missions: Planes & Crews.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Little Boy and Fat Man.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Manhattan, NY.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Morris R. Jeppson.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Philip M. Barnes.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Project Alberta.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Project Silverplate.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, The Alsos Mission.
- Atomic Heritage Foundation, Tinian Island.
- atomicarchive.com, from F. G. Gosling's Department of Energy history, Manhattan Project chronology.
- Gill Bennett, FCDO Historians, GOV.UK, 7 January 2022, What's the Context? The decision to build a British atomic bomb, 8 January 1947.
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, A Tale of Two Bomb Designs.
- Nagasaki City, A-bombed remains: the hypocentre (in Japanese).
- Nagasaki City, Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Historic Ruins.
- National Museum of the United States Air Force, Bockscar: The Aircraft.
- Jeremy Kinney, Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, 5 August 2020, 75 Years Ago: The Flight of the Enola Gay.
- Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Boeing B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay.
- The National WWII Museum, Delivering the Atomic Bombs: The Silverplate B-29.
- US Army, White Sands Missile Range, Trinity Site History.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Final Bomb Design.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Groves and the Manhattan Engineer District.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Implosion Becomes a Necessity.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Potsdam and the Final Decision to Bomb.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Proliferation.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, The Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, The MAUD Report, 1941.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, The Trinity Test.
- US Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Tinian Island.
- US National Park Service, Manhattan Project National Historical Park, Enriching Uranium.
- US National Park Service, Manhattan Project National Historical Park, Learn About the Park.
- US National Park Service, The Calutron Girls.
- US National Park Service, The Gadget.
- US National Park Service, Tinian Island during the Manhattan Project.
- US National Park Service, Trinity Site, NM.
- US National Park Service, Wendover Air Base, Utah.
- US Naval History and Heritage Command, H-Gram 052-1: The U.S. Navy and the Atomic Bomb.
Articles
- Air and Space Forces Magazine, Near Failure at Nagasaki.
- Air Force Association, The Smithsonian and the Enola Gay: The Airplane.
- B. Cameron Reed, arXiv preprint, The German Nuclear Program: a review (arXiv 2001.09971).
- Joe Baugher, Joe Baugher's American Military Aircraft serial lists, compiled from the Air Force record cards (Internet Archive copy, 22 January 2023), 1944 USAAF Serial Numbers (44-001 to 44-30910).
- Pacific Wrecks, B-29-35-MO "Bockscar" Serial Number 44-27297.
- Pacific Wrecks, B-29-40-MO "The Great Artiste" Serial Number 44-27353.
- Christian Forstner, Physics in Perspective, 2022, The Uranverein: the German nuclear research programme.
- Ryan Dahn, Physics Today, 19 May 2022, The elusive truth of Farm Hall.
- Jeremy Bernstein and David Cassidy, Physics Today, August 1995, Bomb Apologetics: Farm Hall, August 1945.
- Paul Hoversten, Smithsonian Air & Space magazine, Why did the Enola Gay's tail markings change?.
Also consulted
Consulted, not cited7
Records from the time
- National Security Archive, from National Archives RG 457, MAGIC Diplomatic Summary No. 1204, 12 July 1945.
Museums, archives and agencies
- Deutsches Museum, Highlights of the collection.
- Nagasaki City, A-bombed remains: Urakami Cathedral relics room (in Japanese).
- National Diet Library of Japan, Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures: about this site.
- YouGov, August 2020, 75 years after Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Americans still divided.
Articles
- Thomas B. Allen with Norman Polmar, Naval History, US Naval Institute, August 2015, How Many Will Die?.
Books
- Harry S. Truman, 1955 (Internet Archive scan of the Hodder and Stoughton edition), Year of Decisions.
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